quanshijie30geguojiagongyoudayue440geshangyeduiyunxing,wendingdigongyingdianneng。erqiehenduoyijingyunxingle30-50nian,youxieyijinghuodeshouquanyunxinggengzhangdeshijian。
weilequebaoquanqiuzaiyunfanyingduihe50duozuozaijianfanyingduinenggouanquangaoxiaoyunxingjishinian,kexuejiahegongchengshimenzhengnuligaijinjiance、fenxihepingguzheixiefanyingduizhuyaojiegoujinshubujianqiangduhewanzhengxingdefangfa。
tongshi,tamenyezhengzaikaifaxindehejinhetaoci,genghaodichengshoufanyingduiduixinjiduanwenduheyalixiadefushihesunhuai。
bb滚球王1.“guoqi”fanyingduikunjing。
反应堆装置通常设计使用四十年左右,这四十年中,装置日复一日地承受极端温度、压力和电离辐射的环境。而现在,许多“过期”反应堆要求再至少运行20年。
weileyanzhangfanyingduideshiyongshouming,kexuejiahegongchengshimenzhengzaibuduangaijinjiancehepingguxiangguanjiegoujinshuwanzhengxingheqiangdudefangfa。tamenzhengzaikaifanaifushidetidaicailiao,baozhengfanyingduianquankekaodiyunxing60nian,shenzhigengzhangshijian。
“meiguodehenengjianduijinianhoujiuhuidaodaneili。”jiali·wosi(gary s. was)shuo。
wosishimeiguomixiegendaxuecailiaokexuejiahehecailiaogongchengshi,yeshicailiaokangfushifangmiandezhuanjia,tazhide“henengjiandui”jiushishangyedui。
genjumeiguonengyuanxinxiguanliju(eia)deshuju,meiguo29gezhouyou96gezaiyunfanyingdui。2019nian,zhei96gefanyingduigongyinglemeiguoyue20%dedianli,pingjunshiyongnianxianyuewei38nian。
bb滚球王jucheng,daduoshuzuixianchiyou40nianfanyingduiyunyingxukezhengdegongyongshiyegongsi,qidianzhanyijinghuodele20nianyanqi。
meiguoheguanliweiyuanhui(nuclear regulator commission)zaimeiguodongnanbuhedongbeibudegonggongshiwuguanyuanluojie·hanna(roger hannah)henier·xien(neil sheehan)fenbiezhengshi,weiyumaiamiyinan40gonglidetuerqijiao(turkey point)hedianzhanhehalisibaodongnan80gonglidetaohuadi(peach bottom)hedianzhan,zuijinyoushoudaoleyanqitongyixuke,liangzuodianzhankeyizuizhongyunying80nian。
bb滚球王hannahexienbuchongshuo,qitadianchangyezaixunqiuyanqidefangfa。
wosishuo: “yeneishenzhiyourenshuoyaoyanzhangdao100nian。”
yanzhangfanyingduiyunxingshijiandequshibingbujuxianmeiguo。shijiegedifenbuzheyue440zuofanyingdui,pingjunnianling30nian,zhengtizaimaixianglaolinghua。suiranqizhongyixiedianzhanjihuaguanbihetuiyi,danxuduozhengzaishengjibujian,xiwangnenggoudadayanzhangqiyunxingnianxian。
同时也不断有新电站在bb滚球王。例如在美国,佐治亚州韦恩斯博罗附近的沃格特发电厂的两座反应堆即将完工。
tongshi,genjushijiehexiehuideshuju,muqianyou50gefanyingduizai15geguojiajianzao,zhuyaoshizhongguo、yindu、eluosihealianqiu。
bb滚球王weilegenshang2040nianshijienengyuanshiyongliangyujizengzhang28%debufa,lingwai100gefanyingduizhengzaidinggouhuojihuazhong。
bb滚球王make·nate(mark nutt)shuo,zaikaolvruhequebaozheixiefanyingduichixu、anquan、kekaodigongyingdianlishi,“jibendoushiguanyulaohuaguanlifangmiande”。
nateshuo,cailiaohefushikexuedebuduanjinbuduifanyingduiyanzhangyunxingqizhezhongyaozuoyong。
2.hedianzhanfadianyuanli
在反应堆中,内部发生裂变反应产生热量,接着利用冷却剂回路将热量输送出来,加热水形成蒸汽(白色),驱动蒸汽涡轮机发电。利用完的蒸汽冷却并冷凝成液态水,返回蒸汽发生器。
tongguojiangkongzhibangcharufanyingduiduixinhuojiangqichouchu,dianchangcaozuoyuankeyidiaojiefanyingduidewenduhegonglvshuchu。kongzhibangyouge、penghehadengzhongzixishoucailiaozhicheng,keyizuzhiheliebianliansuofanying。
xiangzheizhongzhuangzhimeigedianzhandouyoushubaige,meigeyoudouyoushubaigechongmaneryanghuayoukelidexizhangguanzizucheng,zaifanyingduizhongchenrushunian。
hedonglixitongliyongfanyingzhongshifangdegaowenfadian,qiyunxingyuanliyuranmei、tianranqiheqitahuashiranliaofadianchangdazhixiangtong。genjueiadeshuju,zai2019nian,zheileiranliaofadianhejiyuezhanmeiguofadianliangde63%。
bb滚球王zaisuoyouzheileidianchangzhong,reliangchanshengzhengqi,zhengqiqudongwolunjixuanzhuanyundonglaifadian。zaishuilihefengliwolunjizhong,liudongdeshuihuofengzhijieshiwolunjixuanzhuan。
yutongguoranshaohuashiranliaochanshengreliangdefadianchangbutong,shangyefanyingduishiyongdeshizhijinghezhangduyuewei10haomideeryanghuayoukeli。
ranliaozhizaoshangjiangzheixiedouzidaxiaodekelizhuangru4.5mizhangdexizhangjinshuguanzhong,jinshuguanyoukeshentouzhongzidegaobaocengcailiaozhicheng。
genjuranliaobangsheji,dayue200geranliaobangzuzhuangchengyizu。shubaigezheiyangdezhuangzhibaohanleshubaiwangeeryanghuayoukeli,zongzhongliangyue100dun,yanmeizaiyigezhuangmanzairejiezhihuolengquejidejuxingrongqizhong。
在绝大多数商业反应堆中,冷却剂是水。
bb滚球王qudongfanyingduiderelianglaiziranliaoxinkuaizhongdeyou235he。dangzheixieyuanzihefashengzifaliebianshi,tamenfenliechenglianggegengxiaodeyuanzihe,shifangchurelianghezhongzi。zhongzikeyiyueryanghuayouzhongdeqitayou235hexiangzhuang,fashengliebianfanying,shifangchugengduodereliangheewaidezhongzi。
bb滚球王zheixiezhongzikeyizhuangjiqitayouhe,congeryinfaliansuofanying,jiareranliaobangzujian,jinerjiareshui。
bb滚球王hedianzhancaozuorenyuantongguojiangxishouzhongzidekongzhibangcharuduixinbingquchu,laidiaojieliansuofanyinghefanyingduiwendu。
bb滚球王zuichangjiandehedonglifanyingduishiyashuidui。zheizhongfanyingduijiangshuibaochizaigaoyu15 mpa(150 atm)degaoyaxia,dangshuiliuguoranliaobangshi,suiranwendushenggao,danrengbaochiweireyeti。zaizheizhonghuanjingxia,shuidewendukeyidadao320°czuoyou。
weifangzhifangshexingwuzhikuosan,zheiyibufendeshuishizaiyigefengbidehuanjingneixunhuan: chengweiyihuiludeguandaoxitong,yuwaijiemeiyouzhijiejiechu,liyongguoredejiayashuixunhuanjiangreliangchuandidaofeifangshexingerhuilu,shiqizhongdeshuifeiteng,bianchengzhengqiqudongwolunji。
3.shangyeduiyunxingdezhuyaosunshang
bb滚球王wulunjinshuyouduojianying,yugaowen、gaoyadeshuibuduanjiechudouhuiduijinshuzaochengsunhai。youyufanyingduihuanjingzhongjiaoweijiduandereliang、yalihefusheqiangduhuanjing,yigexiaowentikeyihenkuaifazhanchengdaquexian。
bb滚球王pnnl(meiguonengyuanbutaipingyangxibeiguojiashiyanshi)dexiangmujingliyalun·diyazi(aaron diaz)shuo,chuyuzheigeyuanyin,jianyanrenyuanjingchangshiyonggaofenbianlvchaoshengbo、diancichengxiangheqitafangfa,zai25limihoudefanyingduibi、anquanxitongheqitafanyingduibujianzhongxunzhaoweixiaodequexian、liefenghepilaojixiang。
suiranfanyingduibujianzhongdebuxiugangheniejihejinnenggouzaihendachengdushangchengshouzhusunshanghefushi,danyouxiaoguobutaihao。youxieqingkuangxia,yizhongchengweiyinglifushikailie(scc)dehuaxuesunshangnenggouxueruoguanjianbujianqiangdu。
genjupnnlcailiaokexuejiamychailotoloczkodeshuofa,zheizhongleixingdesunshangkenengfashengzaiyizhongjinshuzhijiandehanjiejietouchu,yinweihanfenghuisuizhelengqueheshousuoerchanshengjixieyingli,jinerchanshengbandiansunshang。ruguozheixiebandiankaishifushi,jiuhuitebierongyifashengweiguankailie,congerdaozhishixiao。
bb滚球王toloczkoshuo,zheizhongpohuaimoshitongchangbeirenweishishangyeduide“zhuyaoshoumingxianzhidetuihuajizhi”。
ehaiezhoutuolaiduofujindedaiweisi-beisihedianzhanjiufashengguozheizhongyanzhongpohuai,buguotongguoduijiancedaodefushiwentijinxingfenxi,renmengenghaodilejieleniejihejindesunshangjili,bingnulikaifachugengnaifushidecailiao。
4.daiweisi-beisihedianzhan
2002nian,daiweisi-beisihedianzhanzaiyicilixingtingduihuanliaoheanquanjianchaqijian,dianchangcaozuorenyuanzhuyidaofanyingduidingbuchuxianfushihekailie。
dangshidehuanliaotingjihuodongshianguidingjinxingde,tongchangmeige12-18geyuelixingguanbiyicifanyingdui,yichuyongguodeheranliao,tihuantianjiaxinranliao。
zai2002niandelixinganquanjianchazhong,jiancharenyuanfaxian,jiangkongzhibangfangrufanyingduiduixindejixiezhuangzhiyijingshousun,zheizhongjixiezhuangzhikeyishilianshifanyingtingzhi,bingdiaojiefanyingduiwenduhegonglvshuchu。
zaiquxiabufenshangbubujianhou,jiancharenyuanzaixiafangfaxianlepengsuanchenjiwuhe“yigezuqiudaxiaodekong”。bogedan·yalishandeluonu(bogdanalexandreanu)shuo(yalishandeluonushiagongguojiashiyanshi(argonne nationallaboratory)yanjiuyuan,houzhuanmenfenxishousunfengtoudesuipian)。
亚历山德罗努解释说,由于硼能有效地捕获中子,工程师通常会在冷却剂水中添加微量浓度(百万分之几)的硼酸,以帮助控制裂变速率。他们通过添加氢氧化锂来平衡pH值。
yinglifushidaozhikongzhibangjigoudeyibufenxingchengleweixiaodeliewen,erqiegaibuweitongguohanjielianjielegezhonghejin,baokuoyizhongbeichengwei600hejindenie-ge-tiecailiao。
bb滚球王zheixieliefengshihanpengreshuicongfanyingduineibuhuanmantongguobingcongfengzhongyichu。suizhexieloudeshuijujibingzhengfa,pengsuandenongduzengjia,zhujianxingchengfushixingrongye。fanyingduidinggaibushiyou600hejinzhichengde,fushixingrongyeqinshiledabufendefanyingduidinggai。
bb滚球王jiaodicengyoulingyizhonghejinzhicheng,kangzhulefushixingrongyedeqinshi。zheicengcailiaotongshikongzhizhejiayalengqueji,bimianlekenengdezainan。
bb滚球王dianchangcaozuorenyuanyongyigefeichangxiangsidedinggaitihuanleshousundedinggai,gaidinggaicongyigequxiaodedianchangshigongzuoyezhonghuode。
2010nian,zheigedinggaiyudiyicigenghuanshixiangtongdeweizhishixiao: hanyou600hejindehanjiebuwei。
bb滚球王weilededaobbgunqiuwangwangzhanzuihaodetiyanxiaoguo,bbgunqiuwangjianyininshengjidaozuixinbanbendeinternet explorerhuoxuanzelingyigewebliulanqi.yigeliebiaozuiliuxingdewebliulanqizaixiamiankeyizhaodao.