bb滚球王

quanshijie30geguojiagongyoudayue440geshangyeduiyunxing，wendingdigongyingdianneng。erqiehenduoyijingyunxingle30-50nian，youxieyijinghuodeshouquanyunxinggengzhangdeshijian。

weilequebaoquanqiuzaiyunfanyingduihe50duozuozaijianfanyingduinenggouanquangaoxiaoyunxingjishinian，kexuejiahegongchengshimenzhengnuligaijinjiance、fenxihepingguzheixiefanyingduizhuyaojiegoujinshubujianqiangduhewanzhengxingdefangfa。

tongshi，tamenyezhengzaikaifaxindehejinhetaoci，genghaodichengshoufanyingduiduixinjiduanwenduheyalixiadefushihesunhuai。

bb滚球王1.“guoqi”fanyingduikunjing。

反应堆装置通常设计使用四十年左右，这四十年中，装置日复一日地承受极端温度、压力和电离辐射的环境。而现在，许多“过期”反应堆要求再至少运行20年。

weileyanzhangfanyingduideshiyongshouming，kexuejiahegongchengshimenzhengzaibuduangaijinjiancehepingguxiangguanjiegoujinshuwanzhengxingheqiangdudefangfa。tamenzhengzaikaifanaifushidetidaicailiao，baozhengfanyingduianquankekaodiyunxing60nian，shenzhigengzhangshijian。

“meiguodehenengjianduijinianhoujiuhuidaodaneili。”jiali·wosi（gary s. was）shuo。

wosishimeiguomixiegendaxuecailiaokexuejiahehecailiaogongchengshi，yeshicailiaokangfushifangmiandezhuanjia，tazhide“henengjiandui”jiushishangyedui。

genjumeiguonengyuanxinxiguanliju（eia）deshuju，meiguo29gezhouyou96gezaiyunfanyingdui。2019nian，zhei96gefanyingduigongyinglemeiguoyue20%dedianli，pingjunshiyongnianxianyuewei38nian。

bb滚球王jucheng，daduoshuzuixianchiyou40nianfanyingduiyunyingxukezhengdegongyongshiyegongsi，qidianzhanyijinghuodele20nianyanqi。

meiguoheguanliweiyuanhui（nuclear regulator commission）zaimeiguodongnanbuhedongbeibudegonggongshiwuguanyuanluojie·hanna（roger hannah）henier·xien（neil sheehan）fenbiezhengshi，weiyumaiamiyinan40gonglidetuerqijiao（turkey point）hedianzhanhehalisibaodongnan80gonglidetaohuadi（peach bottom）hedianzhan，zuijinyoushoudaoleyanqitongyixuke，liangzuodianzhankeyizuizhongyunying80nian。

bb滚球王hannahexienbuchongshuo，qitadianchangyezaixunqiuyanqidefangfa。

wosishuo: “yeneishenzhiyourenshuoyaoyanzhangdao100nian。”

yanzhangfanyingduiyunxingshijiandequshibingbujuxianmeiguo。shijiegedifenbuzheyue440zuofanyingdui，pingjunnianling30nian，zhengtizaimaixianglaolinghua。suiranqizhongyixiedianzhanjihuaguanbihetuiyi，danxuduozhengzaishengjibujian，xiwangnenggoudadayanzhangqiyunxingnianxian。

同时也不断有新电站在bb滚球王。例如在美国，佐治亚州韦恩斯博罗附近的沃格特发电厂的两座反应堆即将完工。

tongshi，genjushijiehexiehuideshuju，muqianyou50gefanyingduizai15geguojiajianzao，zhuyaoshizhongguo、yindu、eluosihealianqiu。

bb滚球王weilegenshang2040nianshijienengyuanshiyongliangyujizengzhang28%debufa，lingwai100gefanyingduizhengzaidinggouhuojihuazhong。

bb滚球王make·nate（mark nutt）shuo，zaikaolvruhequebaozheixiefanyingduichixu、anquan、kekaodigongyingdianlishi，“jibendoushiguanyulaohuaguanlifangmiande”。

nateshuo，cailiaohefushikexuedebuduanjinbuduifanyingduiyanzhangyunxingqizhezhongyaozuoyong。

 2.hedianzhanfadianyuanli

在反应堆中，内部发生裂变反应产生热量，接着利用冷却剂回路将热量输送出来，加热水形成蒸汽（白色），驱动蒸汽涡轮机发电。利用完的蒸汽冷却并冷凝成液态水，返回蒸汽发生器。

tongguojiangkongzhibangcharufanyingduiduixinhuojiangqichouchu，dianchangcaozuoyuankeyidiaojiefanyingduidewenduhegonglvshuchu。kongzhibangyouge、penghehadengzhongzixishoucailiaozhicheng，keyizuzhiheliebianliansuofanying。

xiangzheizhongzhuangzhimeigedianzhandouyoushubaige，meigeyoudouyoushubaigechongmaneryanghuayoukelidexizhangguanzizucheng，zaifanyingduizhongchenrushunian。

hedonglixitongliyongfanyingzhongshifangdegaowenfadian，qiyunxingyuanliyuranmei、tianranqiheqitahuashiranliaofadianchangdazhixiangtong。genjueiadeshuju，zai2019nian，zheileiranliaofadianhejiyuezhanmeiguofadianliangde63%。

bb滚球王zaisuoyouzheileidianchangzhong，reliangchanshengzhengqi，zhengqiqudongwolunjixuanzhuanyundonglaifadian。zaishuilihefengliwolunjizhong，liudongdeshuihuofengzhijieshiwolunjixuanzhuan。

yutongguoranshaohuashiranliaochanshengreliangdefadianchangbutong，shangyefanyingduishiyongdeshizhijinghezhangduyuewei10haomideeryanghuayoukeli。

ranliaozhizaoshangjiangzheixiedouzidaxiaodekelizhuangru4.5mizhangdexizhangjinshuguanzhong，jinshuguanyoukeshentouzhongzidegaobaocengcailiaozhicheng。

genjuranliaobangsheji，dayue200geranliaobangzuzhuangchengyizu。shubaigezheiyangdezhuangzhibaohanleshubaiwangeeryanghuayoukeli，zongzhongliangyue100dun，yanmeizaiyigezhuangmanzairejiezhihuolengquejidejuxingrongqizhong。

在绝大多数商业反应堆中，冷却剂是水。

bb滚球王qudongfanyingduiderelianglaiziranliaoxinkuaizhongdeyou235he。dangzheixieyuanzihefashengzifaliebianshi，tamenfenliechenglianggegengxiaodeyuanzihe，shifangchurelianghezhongzi。zhongzikeyiyueryanghuayouzhongdeqitayou235hexiangzhuang，fashengliebianfanying，shifangchugengduodereliangheewaidezhongzi。

bb滚球王zheixiezhongzikeyizhuangjiqitayouhe，congeryinfaliansuofanying，jiareranliaobangzujian，jinerjiareshui。

bb滚球王hedianzhancaozuorenyuantongguojiangxishouzhongzidekongzhibangcharuduixinbingquchu，laidiaojieliansuofanyinghefanyingduiwendu。

bb滚球王zuichangjiandehedonglifanyingduishiyashuidui。zheizhongfanyingduijiangshuibaochizaigaoyu15 mpa（150 atm）degaoyaxia，dangshuiliuguoranliaobangshi，suiranwendushenggao，danrengbaochiweireyeti。zaizheizhonghuanjingxia，shuidewendukeyidadao320°czuoyou。

weifangzhifangshexingwuzhikuosan，zheiyibufendeshuishizaiyigefengbidehuanjingneixunhuan: chengweiyihuiludeguandaoxitong，yuwaijiemeiyouzhijiejiechu，liyongguoredejiayashuixunhuanjiangreliangchuandidaofeifangshexingerhuilu，shiqizhongdeshuifeiteng，bianchengzhengqiqudongwolunji。

3.shangyeduiyunxingdezhuyaosunshang

bb滚球王wulunjinshuyouduojianying，yugaowen、gaoyadeshuibuduanjiechudouhuiduijinshuzaochengsunhai。youyufanyingduihuanjingzhongjiaoweijiduandereliang、yalihefusheqiangduhuanjing，yigexiaowentikeyihenkuaifazhanchengdaquexian。

bb滚球王pnnl（meiguonengyuanbutaipingyangxibeiguojiashiyanshi）dexiangmujingliyalun·diyazi（aaron diaz）shuo，chuyuzheigeyuanyin，jianyanrenyuanjingchangshiyonggaofenbianlvchaoshengbo、diancichengxiangheqitafangfa，zai25limihoudefanyingduibi、anquanxitongheqitafanyingduibujianzhongxunzhaoweixiaodequexian、liefenghepilaojixiang。

suiranfanyingduibujianzhongdebuxiugangheniejihejinnenggouzaihendachengdushangchengshouzhusunshanghefushi，danyouxiaoguobutaihao。youxieqingkuangxia，yizhongchengweiyinglifushikailie（scc）dehuaxuesunshangnenggouxueruoguanjianbujianqiangdu。

genjupnnlcailiaokexuejiamychailotoloczkodeshuofa，zheizhongleixingdesunshangkenengfashengzaiyizhongjinshuzhijiandehanjiejietouchu，yinweihanfenghuisuizhelengqueheshousuoerchanshengjixieyingli，jinerchanshengbandiansunshang。ruguozheixiebandiankaishifushi，jiuhuitebierongyifashengweiguankailie，congerdaozhishixiao。

bb滚球王toloczkoshuo，zheizhongpohuaimoshitongchangbeirenweishishangyeduide“zhuyaoshoumingxianzhidetuihuajizhi”。

ehaiezhoutuolaiduofujindedaiweisi-beisihedianzhanjiufashengguozheizhongyanzhongpohuai，buguotongguoduijiancedaodefushiwentijinxingfenxi，renmengenghaodilejieleniejihejindesunshangjili，bingnulikaifachugengnaifushidecailiao。

4.daiweisi-beisihedianzhan

2002nian，daiweisi-beisihedianzhanzaiyicilixingtingduihuanliaoheanquanjianchaqijian，dianchangcaozuorenyuanzhuyidaofanyingduidingbuchuxianfushihekailie。

dangshidehuanliaotingjihuodongshianguidingjinxingde，tongchangmeige12-18geyuelixingguanbiyicifanyingdui，yichuyongguodeheranliao，tihuantianjiaxinranliao。

zai2002niandelixinganquanjianchazhong，jiancharenyuanfaxian，jiangkongzhibangfangrufanyingduiduixindejixiezhuangzhiyijingshousun，zheizhongjixiezhuangzhikeyishilianshifanyingtingzhi，bingdiaojiefanyingduiwenduhegonglvshuchu。

zaiquxiabufenshangbubujianhou，jiancharenyuanzaixiafangfaxianlepengsuanchenjiwuhe“yigezuqiudaxiaodekong”。bogedan·yalishandeluonu（bogdanalexandreanu）shuo（yalishandeluonushiagongguojiashiyanshi（argonne nationallaboratory）yanjiuyuan，houzhuanmenfenxishousunfengtoudesuipian）。

亚历山德罗努解释说，由于硼能有效地捕获中子，工程师通常会在冷却剂水中添加微量浓度（百万分之几）的硼酸，以帮助控制裂变速率。他们通过添加氢氧化锂来平衡pH值。

yinglifushidaozhikongzhibangjigoudeyibufenxingchengleweixiaodeliewen，erqiegaibuweitongguohanjielianjielegezhonghejin，baokuoyizhongbeichengwei600hejindenie-ge-tiecailiao。

bb滚球王zheixieliefengshihanpengreshuicongfanyingduineibuhuanmantongguobingcongfengzhongyichu。suizhexieloudeshuijujibingzhengfa，pengsuandenongduzengjia，zhujianxingchengfushixingrongye。fanyingduidinggaibushiyou600hejinzhichengde，fushixingrongyeqinshiledabufendefanyingduidinggai。

bb滚球王jiaodicengyoulingyizhonghejinzhicheng，kangzhulefushixingrongyedeqinshi。zheicengcailiaotongshikongzhizhejiayalengqueji，bimianlekenengdezainan。

bb滚球王dianchangcaozuorenyuanyongyigefeichangxiangsidedinggaitihuanleshousundedinggai，gaidinggaicongyigequxiaodedianchangshigongzuoyezhonghuode。

2010nian，zheigedinggaiyudiyicigenghuanshixiangtongdeweizhishixiao: hanyou600hejindehanjiebuwei。